{
 "about": "The record of this Plate: the facts it is drawn from, kept inside the work. Plain JSON; the artwork does not read it. CC0 1.0, no rights reserved.",
 "work": {"title": "Somalia", "series": "Plates", "artist": "Kenny Lienhard", "year": 2026, "plate": "8 of 52", "palette": "oxide"},
 "plate": {"name": "Somalia", "code": "SO", "model": "PB2002 (Bird 2003)", "class": "minor", "area_km2": 19154737, "centroid_lat_lon": [-13.087, 48.441], "ocean_share": 0.7523, "land_share": 0.2477},
 "motion": {"frame": "no-net-rotation", "euler_pole_lat_lon": [48.9957, -93.872], "rotation_deg_per_million_years": 0.34075, "speed_mm_per_year_at_centroid": 27.9, "heading_deg_at_centroid": 57.0, "speed_range_mm_per_year": [16.73, 36.03], "the_artwork_drifts": "27.9 mm a year along its cut, one frame of rock every 19993 years"},
 "cover": {"deep ocean": 0.5616, "slope and ridge": 0.1675, "grassland": 0.0757, "forest": 0.0647, "desert": 0.0459, "cropland": 0.0429, "shelf sea": 0.0231, "lakes and rivers": 0.0079, "rainforest": 0.0053, "wetland": 0.0044, "towns": 0.0005, "tundra": 0.0002, "ocean trench": 0.0001, "boreal forest": 0.0001},
 "palette_from": ["grassland", "forest", "desert"],
 "era": {"name": "African Humid Period", "what": "Monsoon rains, lakes and grass in the Horn", "arrives_years_before_2026": [11676, 10076], "leaves_years_before_2026": [5676, 4076], "account": "The past. The African Humid Period: the monsoon rains came back to the Horn of Africa 11,676 to 10,076 years ago. Lakes rose along the rift, Lake Turkana stood about 90 metres higher and spilled toward the Nile, and grass spread over parts of the Horn’s deserts. The rains faded 5,676 to 4,076 years ago, and the desert came back. Earlier, at the ice age peak, the sea stood about 120 metres lower and the Seychelles Bank was one island of about 38,000 square kilometres. Only the desert beds turn to grass, all at once, and only inside those windows.", "source": "Tierney and deMenocal 2013, Science 342:843; Collins et al. 2017, Nature Communications 8:1372; Foerster et al. 2012, Quaternary International 274:25; Mologni et al. 2021, Geomorphology 391:107896; Garcin et al. 2012, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 331-332:322; Nutz and Schuster 2016, Solid Earth 7:1609; Fersi et al. 2016, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 233:176; Holmes and Hoelzmann 2017, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science; Lambeck et al. 2014, PNAS 111:15296"},
 "history": [{"years_ago": 3660000000, "range_years_ago": [3660000000, 3540000000], "what": "Some of the oldest rocks in Africa formed; they now lie within this plate's boundary as mapped.", "source": "Zeh, Gerdes and Millonig 2011, Journal of the Geological Society 168:953, doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-117"}, {"years_ago": 3320000000, "range_years_ago": [3334000000, 3306000000], "what": "Some of the oldest rocks on this plate formed, now in northeast Madagascar.", "source": "Schofield et al. 2010, Precambrian Research 182:187, doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.07.006"}, {"years_ago": 183000000, "range_years_ago": [183000000, 182000000], "what": "Rifting and vast lava floods began to split Africa from Antarctica and Madagascar.", "source": "Tuck-Martin, Adam and Eagles 2018, Basin Research 30:1118, doi:10.1111/bre.12294; Mueller and Jokat 2019, Tectonophysics 750:301, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.11.008"}, {"years_ago": 167500000, "range_years_ago": [170000000, 165000000], "what": "Madagascar, with India and Antarctica, began to pull away from Africa as new ocean floor formed.", "source": "Tuck-Martin, Adam and Eagles 2018, Basin Research 30:1118, doi:10.1111/bre.12294"}, {"years_ago": 87600000, "range_years_ago": [88200000, 87000000], "what": "India broke away from Madagascar, which stayed with Africa.", "source": "Storey et al. 1995, Science 267:852, doi:10.1126/science.267.5199.852; Tuck-Martin, Adam and Eagles 2018, Basin Research 30:1118, doi:10.1111/bre.12294"}, {"years_ago": 30400000, "range_years_ago": [37710000, 23040000], "what": "Rifting began in the north of the East African Rift, the first step in splitting this plate from the Africa plate.", "source": "Macgregor 2015, Journal of African Earth Sciences 101:232, doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.09.016; ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (Cohen et al. 2013, updated), stratigraphy.org"}, {"years_ago": 18500000, "range_years_ago": [19000000, 18000000], "what": "New ocean floor began to form in the Gulf of Aden, splitting this plate from Arabia.", "source": "Bosworth, Huchon and McClay 2005, Journal of African Earth Sciences 43:334, doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.020"}],
 "outline_lon_lat": [[[32.13, -47.0], [33.17, -47.26], [33.82, -45.98], [34.5, -46.22], [35.18, -44.86], [37.51, -44.88], [38.08, -44.62], [38.34, -44.05], [39.07, -44.16], [39.46, -43.29], [41.56, -43.58], [41.81, -42.66], [42.47, -42.73], [42.87, -40.85], [44.01, -40.91], [45.33, -40.11], [46.07, -40.12], [46.24, -38.87], [48.02, -38.65], [49.04, -37.79], [52.28, -37.43], [52.34, -36.16], [53.47, -36.14], [53.47, -35.52], [54.22, -35.3], [54.26, -34.54], [55.27, -34.56], [55.7, -34.23], [55.74, -33.65], [57.06, -33.55], [57.15, -31.77], [58.46, -31.69], [58.53, -31.06], [59.17, -31.05], [59.19, -30.57], [60.76, -30.53], [60.81, -28.93], [62.16, -28.81], [62.14, -28.49], [62.75, -28.46], [62.7, -28.15], [63.6, -27.83], [65.33, -27.81], [65.35, -27.51], [67.13, -27.27], [67.43, -26.57], [70.09, -25.48], [69.59, -24.97], [69.94, -24.68], [69.4, -24.04], [69.85, -23.71], [68.8, -22.39], [69.2, -22.09], [68.28, -20.88], [68.56, -20.71], [68.21, -20.29], [67.9, -20.47], [66.75, -19.87], [66.43, -20.08], [65.01, -18.06], [67.41, -16.66], [67.03, -16.14], [67.38, -15.94], [65.93, -13.98], [66.21, -13.78], [65.82, -13.27], [66.37, -12.83], [65.7, -12.02], [66.42, -11.56], [66.17, -11.21], [66.79, -10.76], [66.46, -10.35], [67.38, -9.63], [67.09, -9.27], [68.04, -8.49], [67.64, -8.03], [68.27, -6.81], [67.78, -6.26], [68.61, -5.47], [68.2, -5.04], [68.75, -4.55], [68.35, -4.12], [68.67, -3.77], [67.89, -2.89], [68.25, -2.54], [67.37, -1.44], [67.66, -1.04], [67.02, -0.58], [67.21, -0.34], [66.84, -0.04], [67.16, 0.34], [66.66, 0.72], [66.67, 1.62], [65.99, 2.05], [66.38, 2.75], [65.49, 3.3], [65.21, 2.92], [62.87, 3.89], [63.0, 4.11], [58.25, 8.65], [58.43, 8.86], [58.06, 9.53], [57.49, 9.94], [57.26, 9.68], [56.98, 9.86], [58.24, 12.75], [56.27, 14.62], [54.55, 14.87], [53.86, 14.35], [52.14, 14.69], [51.25, 13.12], [49.68, 13.31], [49.28, 12.8], [46.43, 12.09], [43.65, 12.01], [42.03, 11.58], [41.44, 11.32], [37.58, 5.96], [36.91, 5.96], [36.29, 5.01], [32.23, 5.72], [31.28, 4.48], [30.47, 4.24], [30.48, 2.81], [31.62, 2.48], [30.62, 1.44], [28.87, -2.31], [28.95, -3.96], [29.61, -5.15], [29.6, -6.1], [30.49, -7.48], [33.56, -8.74], [34.08, -10.46], [34.71, -11.03], [34.07, -13.17], [34.85, -14.55], [34.6, -15.83], [35.2, -16.83], [35.2, -17.98], [33.28, -19.68], [33.11, -21.34], [29.29, -22.49], [27.49, -24.4], [27.91, -26.18], [26.6, -26.77], [26.59, -28.19], [29.66, -31.24], [37.56, -36.98], [35.09, -42.1], [32.13, -47.0]]],
 "sources": ["Plate outlines and motion: Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. No-net-rotation frame computed from PB2002 alone.", "What covers each plate: ESA CCI Land Cover and Water Bodies, NOAA ETOPO 2022, Koppen-Geiger climate maps, NSIDC Sea Ice Index, on a 1 arc-minute grid."],
 "engine_sha256": "a7fbc03acc0fc9ba343881bb88ddaf2b7564564d8bc9cbed16e75e47e01fb3f2"
}