{
 "about": "The record of this Plate: the facts it is drawn from, kept inside the work. Plain JSON; the artwork does not read it. CC0 1.0, no rights reserved.",
 "work": {"title": "South America", "series": "Plates", "artist": "Kenny Lienhard", "year": 2026, "plate": "7 of 52", "palette": "malachite"},
 "plate": {"name": "South America", "code": "SA", "model": "PB2002 (Bird 2003)", "class": "major", "area_km2": 41825049, "centroid_lat_lon": [-21.588, -45.258], "ocean_share": 0.6097, "land_share": 0.3903},
 "motion": {"frame": "no-net-rotation", "euler_pole_lat_lon": [-28.8558, -125.8236], "rotation_deg_per_million_years": 0.12053, "speed_mm_per_year_at_centroid": 12.74, "heading_deg_at_centroid": 335.4, "speed_range_mm_per_year": [8.97, 13.4], "the_artwork_drifts": "-12.74 mm a year along its cut, one frame of rock every 24419 years"},
 "cover": {"deep ocean": 0.4801, "rainforest": 0.1494, "grassland": 0.0851, "slope and ridge": 0.0711, "cropland": 0.0643, "shelf sea": 0.0529, "forest": 0.0366, "desert": 0.0253, "wetland": 0.0082, "bare rock": 0.0075, "ocean trench": 0.0056, "lakes and rivers": 0.0055, "tundra": 0.0039, "boreal forest": 0.0028, "towns": 0.001, "ice": 0.0008},
 "palette_from": ["jungle", "grassland", "farmland"],
 "era": {"name": "Low seas", "what": "Low seas, the shelf off Argentina dry land", "arrives_years_before_2026": [30100, 30000], "leaves_years_before_2026": [15777, 8051], "account": "The past. With the sea about 120 metres lower, about 1.7 million square kilometres of today’s shallow seas around South America were dry land, the largest part of it the wide plain off Argentina, where the Falklands grew to more than three times their size but stayed an island. The land was already dry when the timeline begins; the rising sea drowned most of it between 15,777 and 8,051 years ago. The lines that stand for the sea turn halfway to the colour of land, all at once, and only across those spans.", "source": "Lambeck et al. 2014, PNAS 111:15296; Davies et al. 2020, Earth-Science Reviews 204:103152; Austin et al. 2013, Nature Communications 4:1552"},
 "history": [{"years_ago": 3650000000, "range_years_ago": [3650000000, 3600000000], "what": "Some of the oldest known rocks in South America formed, in what is now eastern Brazil.", "source": "Moreira et al. 2022, Geoscience Frontiers 13:101366, doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101366"}, {"years_ago": 134600000, "range_years_ago": [135200000, 134000000], "what": "Huge lava floods covered much of what is now southern Brazil while the South Atlantic rift was growing.", "source": "Thiede and Vasconcelos 2010, Geology 38:747, doi:10.1130/G30919.1; Heine, Zoethout and Muller 2013, Solid Earth 4:215, doi:10.5194/se-4-215-2013"}, {"years_ago": 113000000, "range_years_ago": [140000000, 103000000], "what": "South America and Africa broke apart and the South Atlantic Ocean opened, after a long rift.", "source": "Heine, Zoethout and Muller 2013, Solid Earth 4:215, doi:10.5194/se-4-215-2013"}, {"years_ago": 50000000, "range_years_ago": [50000000, 30000000], "what": "South America began to pull away faster from Antarctica, starting to open the Drake Passage.", "source": "Livermore et al. 2005, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236:459, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.027; Eagles and Jokat 2014, Tectonophysics 611:28, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.021"}, {"years_ago": 2800000, "range_years_ago": [2940000, 2660000], "what": "Land rose to close the seaway between the Americas, joining South America to North America.", "source": "O'Dea et al. 2016, Science Advances 2:e1600883, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600883"}],
 "outline_lon_lat": [[[-13.26, -29.1], [-12.53, -28.94], [-12.75, -28.21], [-13.27, -28.32], [-14.05, -25.74], [-13.66, -25.65], [-13.81, -24.89], [-13.28, -24.78], [-13.83, -22.83], [-11.82, -22.15], [-11.85, -20.28], [-12.96, -17.79], [-14.08, -17.99], [-14.3, -16.43], [-13.24, -16.21], [-13.23, -15.66], [-13.64, -14.04], [-14.48, -14.21], [-14.55, -12.58], [-15.01, -11.89], [-13.03, -11.42], [-13.02, -9.23], [-13.62, -7.37], [-11.18, -6.76], [-11.17, -5.38], [-12.14, -4.61], [-11.77, -3.97], [-12.16, -1.95], [-12.7, -2.1], [-13.16, -0.92], [-15.41, -1.49], [-16.5, 0.3], [-24.61, -1.1], [-25.03, 0.61], [-26.29, 0.5], [-26.47, 1.16], [-29.92, 0.8], [-30.03, 1.61], [-30.74, 1.64], [-30.96, 4.06], [-32.86, 3.96], [-32.98, 5.65], [-33.51, 5.65], [-33.62, 6.62], [-35.36, 6.61], [-36.06, 7.36], [-38.21, 7.7], [-38.22, 8.14], [-40.14, 8.22], [-41.09, 10.79], [-43.92, 10.93], [-43.88, 12.09], [-44.28, 12.1], [-44.26, 12.63], [-45.04, 12.68], [-45.13, 15.27], [-47.69, 15.96], [-50.47, 15.87], [-54.85, 17.31], [-57.49, 19.05], [-59.95, 19.45], [-61.55, 18.96], [-60.91, 18.89], [-59.09, 16.91], [-58.67, 15.41], [-57.91, 14.86], [-57.42, 11.66], [-58.16, 10.16], [-66.87, 10.67], [-69.3, 10.12], [-72.44, 7.7], [-71.89, 6.68], [-72.35, 5.26], [-75.99, 1.62], [-77.71, 0.59], [-78.93, -1.99], [-81.93, -3.72], [-81.95, -6.0], [-80.7, -9.43], [-78.15, -13.39], [-75.92, -15.74], [-73.27, -12.49], [-72.04, -12.35], [-68.59, -13.53], [-65.42, -17.11], [-63.86, -17.46], [-63.4, -18.87], [-63.18, -20.15], [-63.55, -21.37], [-70.06, -21.5], [-71.31, -21.97], [-72.94, -33.84], [-74.44, -36.72], [-76.0, -47.08], [-77.02, -49.19], [-76.48, -52.07], [-72.08, -53.72], [-67.4, -54.39], [-47.66, -52.69], [-45.19, -52.93], [-36.11, -55.64], [-33.06, -55.46], [-33.73, -54.46], [-27.6, -55.09], [-25.72, -55.84], [-24.23, -57.17], [-23.99, -58.92], [-26.07, -60.39], [-24.11, -60.69], [-19.58, -60.81], [-19.37, -60.29], [-18.65, -60.25], [-18.06, -59.15], [-16.41, -59.1], [-15.97, -58.44], [-7.01, -57.87], [-7.0, -57.32], [-6.13, -57.24], [-6.06, -56.67], [-4.69, -56.59], [-4.69, -55.81], [-1.61, -55.65], [-1.61, -55.13], [-0.44, -54.85], [-1.38, -54.05], [-2.37, -54.33], [-5.17, -50.22], [-7.16, -50.61], [-8.14, -48.96], [-9.71, -49.22], [-10.48, -47.13], [-13.33, -47.58], [-13.81, -45.8], [-15.59, -45.48], [-16.87, -40.37], [-15.92, -39.68], [-16.04, -38.88], [-17.39, -38.03], [-17.44, -36.56], [-17.08, -36.47], [-17.7, -35.66], [-15.1, -35.18], [-15.27, -34.24], [-14.52, -34.04], [-14.7, -33.57], [-14.37, -33.5], [-14.52, -32.4], [-13.25, -32.14], [-13.99, -29.25], [-13.26, -29.1]]],
 "sources": ["Plate outlines and motion: Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. No-net-rotation frame computed from PB2002 alone.", "What covers each plate: ESA CCI Land Cover and Water Bodies, NOAA ETOPO 2022, Koppen-Geiger climate maps, NSIDC Sea Ice Index, on a 1 arc-minute grid."],
 "engine_sha256": "a7fbc03acc0fc9ba343881bb88ddaf2b7564564d8bc9cbed16e75e47e01fb3f2"
}