{
 "about": "The record of this Plate: the facts it is drawn from, kept inside the work. Plain JSON; the artwork does not read it. CC0 1.0, no rights reserved.",
 "work": {"title": "Pacific", "series": "Plates", "artist": "Kenny Lienhard", "year": 2026, "plate": "1 of 52", "palette": "lapis"},
 "plate": {"name": "Pacific", "code": "PA", "model": "PB2002 (Bird 2003)", "class": "major", "area_km2": 104593741, "centroid_lat_lon": [1.571, -157.247], "ocean_share": 0.9961, "land_share": 0.0039},
 "motion": {"frame": "no-net-rotation", "euler_pole_lat_lon": [-63.2344, 107.6909], "rotation_deg_per_million_years": 0.6491, "speed_mm_per_year_at_centroid": 72.03, "heading_deg_at_centroid": 296.7, "speed_range_mm_per_year": [29.55, 72.18], "the_artwork_drifts": "-72.03 mm a year along its cut, one frame of rock every 13088 years"},
 "cover": {"deep ocean": 0.9052, "slope and ridge": 0.0661, "ocean trench": 0.0211, "shelf sea": 0.0037, "grassland": 0.0012, "desert": 0.0012, "forest": 0.0005, "rainforest": 0.0004, "cropland": 0.0002, "towns": 0.0001, "ice": 0.0001, "lakes and rivers": 0.0001, "bare rock": 0.0001},
 "palette_from": ["deep ocean", "ocean", "ocean trench"],
 "era": null,
 "past": {"account": "The past. The Pacific barely changed in 30,000 years. At the ice age peak the sea stood more than 100 metres lower and winter sea ice spread over the plate’s southern edge, but together they touched about 2 percent of it.", "source": "Lambeck et al. 2014, PNAS 111:15296; Benz et al. 2016, Quaternary Science Reviews 146:216; Lhardy et al. 2021, Climate of the Past 17:1139"},
 "history": [{"years_ago": 190000000, "range_years_ago": [201400000, 174700000], "what": "The Pacific plate was born as a tiny plate where three older ocean plates met.", "source": "Boschman and van Hinsbergen 2016, Science Advances 2:e1600022, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600022; ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (Cohen et al. 2013, updated), stratigraphy.org"}, {"years_ago": 189500000, "range_years_ago": [193080000, 185920000], "what": "The oldest ocean floor still on this plate formed.", "source": "Seton et al. 2020, age grid v2020.1 processed here, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, doi:10.1029/2020GC009214"}, {"years_ago": 121300000, "range_years_ago": [122200000, 120400000], "what": "Huge outpourings of lava began to build Ontong Java, the largest ocean plateau on Earth.", "source": "Tejada et al. 1996, Journal of Petrology 37:361, doi:10.1093/petrology/37.2.361"}, {"years_ago": 47000000, "range_years_ago": [50000000, 47000000], "what": "The plate changed its direction of travel, putting the sharp bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain of volcanoes.", "source": "Torsvik et al. 2017, Nature Communications 8:15660, doi:10.1038/ncomms15660; Sharp and Clague 2006, Science 313:1281, doi:10.1126/science.1128489"}, {"years_ago": 30000000, "range_years_ago": [31500000, 28500000], "what": "This plate first reached North America, and the San Andreas fault system began to grow.", "source": "Atwater 1970, GSA Bulletin 81:3513, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3513:IOPTFT]2.0.CO;2"}, {"years_ago": 6300000, "range_years_ago": [6500000, 6300000], "what": "The Gulf of California began to open as Baja California started to travel with this plate.", "source": "Oskin and Stock 2003, Geology 31:23, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0023:MISWPB>2.0.CO;2"}],
 "outline_lon_lat": [[[178.76, -65.27], [180.0, -65.75], [180.0, -37.16], [177.61, -41.5], [171.28, -42.74], [165.17, -46.41], [163.24, -50.08], [159.22, -53.62], [157.62, -57.47], [158.27, -58.78], [163.2, -62.66], [165.1, -62.08], [166.86, -63.22], [169.24, -62.45], [173.63, -64.74], [175.58, -63.98], [178.76, -65.27]], [[-177.09, 50.5], [-180.0, 50.5], [-180.0, -15.36], [-179.44, -15.53], [-178.73, -13.99], [-177.41, -14.71], [-174.08, -14.38], [-172.43, -15.37], [-172.31, -16.72], [-173.05, -19.78], [-175.1, -24.07], [-176.15, -29.47], [-180.0, -37.16], [-180.0, -65.75], [-178.79, -66.16], [-175.73, -65.18], [-174.42, -65.84], [-171.3, -64.36], [-170.04, -64.86], [-166.61, -62.49], [-163.92, -63.47], [-162.06, -62.39], [-156.72, -63.32], [-144.86, -55.78], [-140.32, -57.05], [-137.89, -53.57], [-136.59, -53.91], [-136.18, -53.4], [-128.62, -55.32], [-127.23, -55.57], [-126.8, -55.06], [-121.86, -56.03], [-120.66, -54.41], [-118.58, -54.82], [-117.66, -53.12], [-118.98, -52.9], [-116.39, -49.37], [-113.88, -49.85], [-112.22, -44.38], [-110.95, -42.25], [-110.39, -38.99], [-111.27, -38.98], [-110.47, -36.41], [-110.83, -35.09], [-112.63, -34.0], [-111.81, -29.27], [-112.96, -29.01], [-112.98, -26.83], [-115.11, -26.6], [-116.49, -25.17], [-115.4, -24.02], [-115.6, -23.47], [-114.57, -23.02], [-112.43, -13.39], [-111.01, -13.41], [-109.76, -8.92], [-108.32, -9.14], [-106.25, -4.49], [-104.54, -3.84], [-102.73, -4.06], [-102.31, -1.6], [-102.07, 2.64], [-102.66, 7.18], [-102.96, 8.4], [-104.23, 8.34], [-104.3, 10.02], [-103.6, 10.12], [-103.77, 11.89], [-104.69, 15.27], [-105.32, 15.11], [-105.4, 17.77], [-109.45, 20.03], [-108.01, 22.99], [-108.65, 23.24], [-108.36, 23.61], [-111.51, 26.93], [-111.38, 27.5], [-113.97, 29.65], [-114.12, 31.36], [-115.77, 33.42], [-119.94, 35.45], [-122.38, 37.53], [-124.42, 40.31], [-127.72, 40.57], [-126.63, 43.01], [-130.48, 44.59], [-128.92, 48.87], [-130.5, 49.48], [-130.16, 50.22], [-131.07, 51.19], [-130.85, 51.61], [-137.11, 58.44], [-140.13, 60.38], [-144.32, 59.92], [-148.26, 57.35], [-156.14, 54.53], [-177.09, 50.5]], [[178.47, -14.5], [180.0, -15.36], [180.0, 50.5], [172.96, 51.68], [164.07, 55.21], [162.46, 53.0], [153.53, 45.9], [144.45, 40.85], [143.84, 37.71], [142.07, 35.16], [142.22, 30.71], [143.17, 27.94], [143.1, 24.91], [146.54, 21.73], [147.46, 19.75], [147.68, 15.65], [146.75, 13.36], [145.35, 12.31], [140.77, 10.86], [138.81, 11.12], [138.36, 9.38], [146.38, 5.88], [148.69, 3.14], [149.27, -0.65], [153.71, -2.69], [154.96, -4.55], [154.53, -6.42], [154.93, -7.29], [156.71, -8.56], [161.38, -11.23], [165.07, -11.29], [166.15, -13.78], [168.6, -13.51], [171.18, -14.08], [175.31, -13.24], [178.47, -14.5]]],
 "sources": ["Plate outlines and motion: Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. No-net-rotation frame computed from PB2002 alone.", "What covers each plate: ESA CCI Land Cover and Water Bodies, NOAA ETOPO 2022, Koppen-Geiger climate maps, NSIDC Sea Ice Index, on a 1 arc-minute grid."],
 "engine_sha256": "a7fbc03acc0fc9ba343881bb88ddaf2b7564564d8bc9cbed16e75e47e01fb3f2"
}