{
 "about": "The record of this Plate: the facts it is drawn from, kept inside the work. Plain JSON; the artwork does not read it. CC0 1.0, no rights reserved.",
 "work": {"title": "India", "series": "Plates", "artist": "Kenny Lienhard", "year": 2026, "plate": "10 of 52", "palette": "citrine"},
 "plate": {"name": "India", "code": "IN", "model": "PB2002 (Bird 2003)", "class": "minor", "area_km2": 12435054, "centroid_lat_lon": [12.977, 77.494], "ocean_share": 0.6918, "land_share": 0.3082},
 "motion": {"frame": "no-net-rotation", "euler_pole_lat_lon": [45.0636, 0.5232], "rotation_deg_per_million_years": 0.53785, "speed_mm_per_year_at_centroid": 56.78, "heading_deg_at_centroid": 43.5, "speed_range_mm_per_year": [48.14, 59.81], "the_artwork_drifts": "56.78 mm a year along its cut, one frame of rock every 14861 years"},
 "cover": {"deep ocean": 0.4763, "cropland": 0.2009, "slope and ridge": 0.1663, "shelf sea": 0.0492, "forest": 0.0434, "grassland": 0.0228, "desert": 0.0205, "rainforest": 0.0098, "lakes and rivers": 0.0061, "towns": 0.0027, "wetland": 0.0021},
 "palette_from": ["farmland", "forest", "deep ocean"],
 "era": {"name": "Low seas", "what": "Low seas, Sri Lanka joined to India", "arrives_years_before_2026": [30100, 30000], "leaves_years_before_2026": [14366, 7226], "account": "The past. With the sea about 120 metres lower, about 550,000 square kilometres of today’s shallow seas around India were dry land, half of it the wide shelf off the west coast from the Indus to Kerala. Sri Lanka was joined to India, and the atolls of the Maldives and the Chagos Bank stood dry. The land was already dry when the timeline begins; the rising sea drowned most of it between 14,366 and 7,226 years ago, and cut Sri Lanka off about 7,000 years ago. The lines that stand for the shallow seas turn halfway to the colour of land, all at once, and only across those spans.", "source": "Lambeck et al. 2014, PNAS 111:15296; Dubey et al. 2023, Quaternary Research 111:166; Kench et al. 2009, Geology 37:455"},
 "history": [{"years_ago": 3500000000, "range_years_ago": [3600000000, 3440000000], "what": "The ancient core of India began to form.", "source": "Mishra et al. 1999, Precambrian Research 93:139, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00085-0; Chaudhuri et al. 2018, Scientific Reports 8:7069, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25494-6"}, {"years_ago": 136000000, "range_years_ago": [136000000, 126000000], "what": "A new ocean ridge began to split India away from Australia and Antarctica.", "source": "Gibbons, Whittaker and Muller 2013, Journal of Geophysical Research 118:808, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50079"}, {"years_ago": 87600000, "range_years_ago": [88200000, 87000000], "what": "India broke away from Madagascar as hot mantle rose beneath them.", "source": "Storey et al. 1995, Science 267:852, doi:10.1126/science.267.5199.852"}, {"years_ago": 66250000, "range_years_ago": [66250000, 65500000], "what": "Vast lava floods, the Deccan Traps, erupted around the time of the mass extinction that ended the age of dinosaurs.", "source": "Schoene et al. 2015, Science 347:182, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0118; ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (Cohen et al. 2013, updated), stratigraphy.org"}, {"years_ago": 59000000, "range_years_ago": [60000000, 58000000], "what": "India began to collide with Asia, starting the rise of the Himalaya.", "source": "Hu et al. 2016, Earth-Science Reviews 160:264, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.014"}],
 "outline_lon_lat": [[[57.0, 14.66], [56.27, 14.62], [56.82, 14.3], [56.76, 14.21], [57.04, 14.07], [56.97, 13.94], [57.81, 13.45], [57.64, 13.14], [58.24, 12.75], [56.92, 9.97], [56.98, 9.86], [57.26, 9.68], [57.49, 9.94], [58.06, 9.53], [58.02, 9.45], [58.26, 9.29], [58.15, 9.09], [58.43, 8.86], [58.25, 8.65], [58.92, 8.17], [58.88, 8.1], [59.31, 7.77], [59.22, 7.67], [60.18, 6.95], [60.04, 6.77], [61.66, 5.49], [61.53, 5.26], [63.0, 4.11], [62.87, 3.89], [63.33, 3.63], [63.39, 3.7], [63.82, 3.48], [63.89, 3.6], [64.62, 3.22], [64.68, 3.3], [65.21, 2.92], [65.49, 3.3], [66.38, 2.75], [65.99, 2.05], [66.67, 1.62], [66.49, 1.33], [66.87, 1.07], [66.66, 0.72], [67.16, 0.34], [66.84, -0.04], [67.21, -0.34], [67.02, -0.58], [67.66, -1.04], [67.37, -1.44], [67.93, -1.91], [67.79, -2.09], [68.25, -2.54], [67.89, -2.89], [68.67, -3.77], [68.35, -4.12], [68.75, -4.55], [68.2, -5.04], [68.61, -5.47], [67.78, -6.26], [68.27, -6.81], [69.01, -6.54], [69.81, -6.44], [70.79, -6.5], [71.83, -6.7], [72.88, -7.04], [73.39, -7.04], [73.7, -5.78], [73.88, -4.31], [74.83, -4.51], [76.2, -5.04], [78.61, -4.93], [82.33, -3.85], [84.19, -3.02], [85.78, -3.34], [87.22, -4.09], [88.62, -2.97], [89.04, -1.57], [89.82, -0.78], [93.85, 0.88], [94.98, 2.1], [93.75, 3.05], [93.23, 3.72], [92.67, 5.01], [92.28, 6.95], [91.9, 7.66], [91.65, 8.66], [91.53, 9.6], [91.59, 11.3], [91.7, 12.28], [92.07, 13.71], [93.37, 15.35], [94.21, 15.77], [95.1, 15.81], [95.91, 15.53], [96.41, 15.14], [96.47, 17.44], [96.23, 19.41], [96.02, 20.04], [95.91, 23.02], [95.97, 23.76], [96.31, 25.13], [97.35, 27.24], [97.47, 27.7], [97.35, 28.08], [95.47, 28.18], [94.83, 27.92], [93.57, 27.11], [89.77, 26.85], [89.28, 27.03], [88.32, 26.89], [87.22, 27.02], [86.82, 26.67], [86.48, 26.74], [86.25, 27.09], [84.65, 27.31], [83.67, 27.59], [81.36, 28.41], [81.04, 28.79], [79.2, 29.39], [77.64, 30.56], [77.01, 30.74], [75.72, 31.63], [75.67, 32.19], [75.09, 32.88], [74.31, 33.16], [72.46, 34.68], [69.94, 31.91], [70.26, 31.01], [70.1, 29.84], [69.88, 29.26], [69.09, 29.1], [68.68, 29.21], [68.31, 29.88], [67.85, 30.07], [67.3, 29.79], [67.27, 25.98], [67.1, 25.5], [65.03, 24.38], [64.28, 23.69], [62.13, 22.08], [62.1, 21.42], [60.97, 19.81], [60.21, 18.24], [59.91, 15.57], [59.41, 14.9], [59.03, 15.09], [58.59, 14.65], [58.21, 14.92], [57.98, 14.6], [57.0, 14.66]]],
 "sources": ["Plate outlines and motion: Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. No-net-rotation frame computed from PB2002 alone.", "What covers each plate: ESA CCI Land Cover and Water Bodies, NOAA ETOPO 2022, Koppen-Geiger climate maps, NSIDC Sea Ice Index, on a 1 arc-minute grid."],
 "engine_sha256": "a7fbc03acc0fc9ba343881bb88ddaf2b7564564d8bc9cbed16e75e47e01fb3f2"
}