{
 "about": "The record of this Plate: the facts it is drawn from, kept inside the work. Plain JSON; the artwork does not read it. CC0 1.0, no rights reserved.",
 "work": {"title": "Australia", "series": "Plates", "artist": "Kenny Lienhard", "year": 2026, "plate": "6 of 52", "palette": "oxide"},
 "plate": {"name": "Australia", "code": "AU", "model": "PB2002 (Bird 2003)", "class": "major", "area_km2": 45984768, "centroid_lat_lon": [-29.971, 122.571], "ocean_share": 0.8227, "land_share": 0.1773},
 "motion": {"frame": "no-net-rotation", "euler_pole_lat_lon": [33.302, 33.4142], "rotation_deg_per_million_years": 0.64048, "speed_mm_per_year_at_centroid": 68.7, "heading_deg_at_centroid": 30.0, "speed_range_mm_per_year": [33.17, 71.22], "the_artwork_drifts": "68.7 mm a year along its cut, one frame of rock every 13438 years"},
 "cover": {"deep ocean": 0.5961, "slope and ridge": 0.1593, "desert": 0.0945, "shelf sea": 0.0619, "grassland": 0.0405, "forest": 0.0187, "cropland": 0.0129, "rainforest": 0.0077, "ocean trench": 0.0054, "wetland": 0.0022, "lakes and rivers": 0.0004, "towns": 0.0003},
 "palette_from": ["desert", "grassland", "deep ocean"],
 "era": {"name": "Sahul", "what": "Sahul: Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania one land", "arrives_years_before_2026": [30100, 30000], "leaves_years_before_2026": [14676, 8076], "account": "The past. Sahul: with the sea about 120 metres lower, Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania were one continent, and more than two million square kilometres of today’s shallow seas were dry land, from the plains of the Gulf of Carpentaria, where a lake grew larger than Tasmania, to the land bridge across Bass Strait. Sahul was already whole when the timeline begins; the rising sea drowned most of it between 14,676 and 8,076 years ago. The lines that stand for the sea turn three quarters of the way to the colour of land, all at once, and only across those spans.", "source": "Williams et al. 2018, Quaternary Science Reviews 182:144; Reeves et al. 2013, Quaternary Science Reviews 74:97"},
 "history": [{"years_ago": 4404000000, "range_years_ago": [4412000000, 4396000000], "what": "Zircon crystals formed that are among the oldest known pieces of Earth; they survive in younger rocks on this plate.", "source": "Wilde et al. 2001, Nature 409:175, doi:10.1038/35051550"}, {"years_ago": 136000000, "range_years_ago": [136000000, 126000000], "what": "A new ocean ridge began to split India away from this plate's western edge.", "source": "Gibbons, Whittaker and Muller 2013, Journal of Geophysical Research 118:808, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50079"}, {"years_ago": 83500000, "range_years_ago": [87675000, 79325000], "what": "After a long rift, Australia broke away from Antarctica.", "source": "Williams, Whittaker and Muller 2011, Tectonics 30:TC6012, doi:10.1029/2011TC002912"}, {"years_ago": 83000000, "range_years_ago": [87150000, 78850000], "what": "The Tasman Sea began to open as the Lord Howe Rise drifted away from Australia.", "source": "Gaina et al. 1998, Journal of Geophysical Research 103:12413, doi:10.1029/98JB00386"}, {"years_ago": 51500000, "range_years_ago": [53000000, 50000000], "what": "A major reorganization of plate motions changed how Australia and Antarctica moved apart.", "source": "Whittaker et al. 2007, Science 318:83, doi:10.1126/science.1143769"}, {"years_ago": 16000000, "range_years_ago": [18000000, 14000000], "what": "This part of the Indian Ocean floor began to press slowly against India, and a wide zone between them began to buckle.", "source": "Bull et al. 2010, Geology 38:307, doi:10.1130/G30521.1; Royer and Gordon 1997, Science 277:1268, doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1268"}, {"years_ago": 8000000, "range_years_ago": [8000000, 7500000], "what": "The squeeze doubled in speed, and the ocean floor between this plate and India folded into long waves.", "source": "Bull et al. 2010, Geology 38:307, doi:10.1130/G30521.1; Cochran 1990, Proceedings ODP Scientific Results 116, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.116.144.1990"}, {"years_ago": 6000000, "range_years_ago": [8000000, 6000000], "what": "The northern edge of the Australian continent began to jam into the volcanic arc to its north, pushing up Timor.", "source": "Harris 2011, in Arc-Continent Collision (Springer) p.163, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88558-0_7"}, {"years_ago": 6000000, "range_years_ago": [6300000, 5700000], "what": "Far south of New Zealand, the Macquarie part of this plate began to move on its own as a small rigid plate.", "source": "Cande and Stock 2004, Geophysical Journal International 157:399, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02224.x"}],
 "outline_lon_lat": [[[179.34, -33.6], [180.0, -32.3], [180.0, -15.62], [176.18, -16.55], [175.97, -17.8], [176.34, -18.04], [175.56, -19.75], [176.12, -21.17], [173.61, -22.84], [171.29, -23.07], [169.32, -21.91], [168.0, -19.77], [166.28, -15.89], [165.84, -12.52], [165.07, -11.29], [161.2, -11.17], [156.3, -8.17], [156.09, -9.54], [154.22, -9.91], [154.12, -10.33], [148.75, -9.57], [144.74, -7.02], [140.8, -5.11], [138.01, -4.34], [134.49, -4.44], [133.45, -5.34], [133.98, -5.64], [133.69, -6.35], [132.69, -6.68], [130.93, -8.56], [126.85, -9.39], [121.78, -11.41], [116.17, -11.28], [109.07, -10.33], [106.83, -9.67], [102.45, -7.2], [96.09, 1.49], [94.98, 2.1], [93.85, 0.88], [89.82, -0.78], [89.04, -1.57], [88.62, -2.97], [87.22, -4.09], [84.19, -3.02], [78.61, -4.93], [76.2, -5.04], [73.88, -4.31], [73.39, -7.04], [69.81, -6.44], [68.27, -6.81], [67.64, -8.03], [68.04, -8.49], [67.09, -9.27], [67.38, -9.63], [66.46, -10.35], [66.79, -10.76], [66.17, -11.21], [66.42, -11.56], [65.7, -12.02], [66.37, -12.83], [65.82, -13.27], [66.21, -13.78], [65.93, -13.98], [67.38, -15.94], [67.03, -16.14], [67.41, -16.66], [65.01, -18.06], [66.43, -20.08], [68.21, -20.29], [68.56, -20.71], [68.28, -20.88], [69.2, -22.09], [68.8, -22.39], [69.85, -23.71], [69.4, -24.04], [69.96, -25.65], [74.41, -28.32], [74.19, -28.54], [75.55, -29.84], [75.39, -30.24], [76.69, -31.46], [76.39, -31.72], [78.09, -33.19], [77.35, -33.84], [78.8, -35.16], [78.2, -35.68], [79.18, -36.51], [78.02, -37.48], [78.71, -38.0], [78.07, -39.0], [78.43, -39.9], [77.82, -40.33], [79.99, -41.89], [80.93, -41.13], [83.44, -42.89], [85.86, -40.83], [96.7, -45.47], [95.84, -46.52], [99.62, -47.98], [100.2, -47.27], [111.67, -50.08], [114.02, -50.39], [114.36, -49.88], [115.99, -49.85], [116.64, -49.27], [120.27, -50.04], [120.84, -48.89], [121.56, -49.01], [121.44, -49.62], [122.22, -49.85], [124.21, -48.85], [125.9, -49.72], [126.43, -48.63], [127.31, -48.76], [127.14, -49.98], [130.57, -50.52], [139.65, -50.28], [140.66, -53.89], [143.78, -54.23], [144.28, -54.8], [146.88, -54.7], [147.9, -57.57], [148.81, -57.44], [150.01, -59.57], [150.73, -59.48], [151.29, -60.41], [153.64, -59.93], [156.46, -62.91], [161.23, -61.46], [157.62, -57.78], [159.22, -53.62], [163.24, -50.08], [165.02, -46.6], [167.1, -44.83], [171.47, -42.68], [175.5, -42.06], [174.63, -41.16], [176.07, -40.05], [175.61, -39.23], [179.34, -33.6]], [[-178.81, -15.38], [-180.0, -15.62], [-180.0, -32.3], [-175.98, -19.39], [-176.55, -19.22], [-176.3, -18.06], [-177.68, -16.18], [-177.13, -15.56], [-178.81, -15.38]]],
 "sources": ["Plate outlines and motion: Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/2001GC000252. No-net-rotation frame computed from PB2002 alone.", "What covers each plate: ESA CCI Land Cover and Water Bodies, NOAA ETOPO 2022, Koppen-Geiger climate maps, NSIDC Sea Ice Index, on a 1 arc-minute grid."],
 "engine_sha256": "a7fbc03acc0fc9ba343881bb88ddaf2b7564564d8bc9cbed16e75e47e01fb3f2"
}